学习新技能的建议

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Tips for Beginners

Learning to code can be overwhelming, here are some tips to help you get started:

Avoid Tutorial Hell 不要沉迷于新手教程

Don't get stuck in tutorial hell. It's easy to get caught up in tutorials and never actually build anything. Tutorials are great for learning, but the best way to learn is by doing. An example of this is to watch a project-based tutorial, code along with the instructor. After finishing the tutorial, try to build the same project from scratch without the tutorial (if you can't, it's okay to go back to the tutorial). Repeat this process until you can build the project without the tutorial. After that, try to add new features to the project or build something similar from scratch.

感受：

所谓的Tutorial Hell，“新手教程地狱”，其实就是“永远在学习，但永远学不会”，或者“一看就会，一干就废”。在编程学习上，指的是热衷于按照“教程”开发，只开发有教程的项目，但是离开教程之后，没有办法按照自己的想法和需求开发新项目，难以将之前教程里的技能应用到现实生活中。

我认为，tutorial hell有以下几个特征：

学习内容简单浅显，比如逐步教程；

学习成果单一，比如逐步教程的成果通常是很简单的技术展示或者知识点应用；

学习过程无法激发深入思考，比如跟着逐步教程操作结束后，没有进一步“知其所以然”和“举一反三”。

对应到我们文科或者语言的学习里，有一种现象跟tutorial hel很类似，就是热衷于学习容易浅显的内容，所谓的“low-hanging fruits”。一般来说，这样的内容简单而且单一，不需要学习者投入多少精力和思考，学起来就像是在打卡，容易获得成就感。

一部分学习者就容易陷入这种轻松的成就感，产生“我努力学习过了”的自我感动和安慰。

我最常见的就是我的学生在准备考研的时候，将大量的时间投入背单词。“背单词”就很符合tutorial hell的特征，内容简单浅显（需要学习的就是单词、词性、例句），学习成果单一，学习过程无法激发深入思考（通常就是记忆）。通过“背单词”学到的单词，很难在考研这个场景中发挥作用。原因在于考试中不仅要求考生具备丰富的词汇量（背了很多的单词），还要求能够灵活运用这些词汇进行阅读理解、写作、听力和翻译等（能应用背过的单词）。背单词往往侧重于单词的记忆，但背单词的过程中，缺乏单词在实际语境中的应用场景，比如复杂的句子结构、文章逻辑、语气情绪等等。

更有效率的学习方法是从自己的目的出发（以终为始），开发需求，然后有的放矢。还是以考研为例，考研的目的就是在试卷上取得高分，那最重要的复习材料应该是考研真题。需要做的是大量反复做真题，分析考察知识上的不足和应试技巧上的不足，有针对性的去提升和准备。

Consistent study habits 保持规律的学习习惯

Commit to regular, consistent study sessions. It's better to study for 30 minutes every day than to cram for 10 hours once a week.

Set a clear goal 设定清晰的学习目标

Establish a clear, significant goal that motivates you. It could be building a company, an app, a website, or anything that personally resonates with you.

Embrace the marathon mindset 把学习当成一场马拉松

You will feel lost in the beginning. Avoid comparing yourself to others; everyone progresses at their own pace. Understand that challenges are part of the journey, and it's okay to take your time.

Build projects 在实践中学习

The best way to learn is by doing. Start building projects as soon as possible. It's okay if they're simple at first; the goal is to learn and improve. Build upon code-alongs and tutorials to create your projects and learn through hands-on experience

Learn to get unstuck 学会自己解决问题

Once you start learning to code, you're going to run into problems that you don't know how to solve. This is normal and part of the process. You don't really learn unless you struggle through it. That said, you won't always be able to move forward without some help. So how do you find that help? First off, forget books. They aren't a great place to start here, because the number and types of errors they can cover is so small. Online is the easiest place to find help. Most devs look for solutions on StackOverflow or just google the error message (if they have one). Other solutions are to find newsgroups or forums dedicated to the language you're using.

感受：

信息检索能力，有时候也叫做“搜商”，不仅仅是指能快速找到所需信息的能力，更是指能有效筛选和利用这些信息的能力。提高检索能力，我们可以避免成为“伸手党”，即凡事都依赖他人提供答案的人。

为了不成为“伸手党”，我们需要学会使用搜索引擎和AI检索工具。这些工具不仅能够迅速提供大量信息，还能通过智能算法推荐最相关的答案。例如，Google、Bing等搜索引擎可以帮助我们快速定位到相关的技术文档、论坛帖子和教程。而像ChatGPT这样的AI工具，则可以在我们遇到复杂问题时，提供更加个性化和详细的解答（虽然信息未必准确）。

李长栓老师在《非文学翻译理论与实践》中介绍了谷歌搜索引擎在翻译中的用法，至今都非常有参考价值，如果你不方便使用谷歌，那下面这些技巧也同样适用于必应，现节选如下：

Join a community 众行者远

Join a community of learners, such as a local coding group, a Discord server, or a subreddit. It's a great way to get help, share your progress, and learn from others.